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Newsletter
- July 2003
Inside This Issue
- Sandra J. Williams, Executive Secretary, Poplar Council
of Canada
The July newsletter is an informative collection of accounts
of poplar-related activities from across Canada. In addition Jim
Richardson, the PCC’s Technical Director, has kindly provided
a report on forestry topics from his recent trip to New Zealand.
Dr. Annie DesRochers gives us a brief description of what to
expect at this year’s PCC AGM in Rouyn-Noranda, Québec.
With a cast of international and national speakers, the 2003 AGM
promises to be a great learning experience. And you won’t want
to miss seeing Québec in all of her beautiful fall colours!
Dan Carson shares valuable information on how Scott Paper Limited
has managed deer browsing with tree shelters on their Fraser Valley
plantations. Chuck Kaiser discusses the promising Poplar Farming
Program at Alberta-Pacific and Dr. Barb Thomas gives an overview
of Al-Pac’s exciting new hybrid poplar breeding program. Brigitte
Bigué brings us up-to-date on Ligniculture Québec
and poplar activities in the province of Québec. Enjoy!
If you have poplar news you would like to share with your PCC
colleagues, please contact me at poplar@poplar.ca.
 Top
- Annie DesRochers, Université du Québec en
Abitibi-Témiscamingue
This year, the Poplar Council Annual General Meeting will take
place in Rouyn-Noranda, the capital city of the Abitibi-Témiscamigue
region, province of Québec. Celebrated for its vast open
spaces, its countless covered bridges, game-abounding forests
and teeming lakes (bring your fishing rod!), Abitibi-Témiscamingue
covers a territory of 65,143 km2, with a population
of 150,000. The area borders Ontario, the Ottawa and Saguenay-Lac-Saint-Jean
regions and Northern Quebec.
While the most important economic sector in Abitibi-Temiscamingue
is the forest industry, the region also has at least 100,000 ha
of abandoned farmland, offering great potential for intensive
management and the establishment of hybrid poplar plantations.
These sites offer productive soils and are located near inhabited
areas and industrial plants. Even though most of the wood volumes
harvested currently are from conifers (black and white spruce,
jack pine), the importance of deciduous trees (especially trembling
aspen) in the regional forest industry steadily increases.
It is from this perspective that the organising committee chose
the theme : "Poplar Silviculture: Plantations and Native
Forests".
The Meeting
On September 14th and 15th, you are invited
to go down the majestic Harricana river on a canoe excursion with
Algonquin Indian guides. The Harricana river originates in Lakes
Blouin, de Montigny, Lemoine and Mourier near the city of Val-d'Or.
It has 533 km of navigable waters ending in James Bay, and used
to be known as the "Algonquins' Highway", linking hunting territories
of many aboriginal families.
September 16-17 will consist of keynote and volunteer presentations
under the themes:
- Silviculture and management
- Natural and artificial regeneration
- Genetic improvement
- Growth, physiology and performance in plantations
- Biotechnology and its application in the field
- Insects and diseases
- Poplar culture under boreal conditions
- Industrial experiences
- Wood processing and products
On September 18th, you will choose 1 of 3 field trips:
Amos area
The first stop will bring you to the Harricana School-Forest,
where students (professional degree) learn about forest management
techniques and how to use forestry machinery. Stops will include
commercial thinning of aspen (in pure and mixedwood stands) demonstration
trials, as well as a genetic trial including hybrid poplars developed
by the Ministry of Natural Resources (Quebec) in a forestry setting
and in combination with improved families of Norway and white
spruce from the Canadian Forest Service (Laurentian Forestry Centre).
In the afternoon, participants will go to the Trecesson Provincial
Nursery, where they will visit the regional hybrid poplar arboretum
and production stoolbeds.
Rouyn-Noranda area
On this field trip, participants will first visit the SAFE project
in the Teaching and Research Forest of Lake Duparquet. This large-scale
research project includes partial cutting trials, cohort-based
harvesting and genetic studies of aspen clones. The afternoon
will consist of a visit to the Nexfor-Norbord OSB mill in LaSarre
(long pants and closed shoes required).
Temiscamingue area
Participants in this field trip will first stop in Arnfield (Tembec
Forest Management Area), where they will visit pass-system harvesting
in aspen to promote understory development. Next, they will visit
an intensive poplar plantation established in 2001 on private
land in Angliers, including many hybrid poplar clones developed
by the Ministry of Natural Resources (Québec), in pure
and mixed blocks with Norway and white spruce from improved families
of the Canadian Forest Service (Laurentian Forestry Center). In
the afternoon, participants will visit Tembec Laminated Venner
Lumber plant in Ville-Marie.
After the field trips, participants will be invited to attend
the banquet, featuring the Montreal blues singer Dawn Taylor and
her musicians.
Round-Tables and discussions will close the meeting on September
19th.
How to Get to Rouyn-Noranda
Rouyn-Noranda is easily accessible by plane, with at least 4
daily flights from Montreal, and 2 from Québec City through
Air Canada Jazz. If you intend to participate in the World Forestry
Congress the following week, we strongly suggest that you plan
to travel to Québec City by plane, because it is a long
drive (900 km, approx. 11 hours) through La Verendrye Faunique
Reserve and via Montreal - unless you are also planning a little
fishing vacation along the way! The Abitibi-Temiscamingue region
is mostly French-speaking and it will be a great opportunity for
delegates to update and practise a little. The people are warm
and welcoming.
We look forward to seeing you in Rouyn-Noranda!
Top
- Dan Carson, Scott Paper Limited, New Westminster, B.C.
Until recently Scott Paper Limited had been suffering serious
deer browsing damage to its intensively-managed hybrid poplar
plantations in the Fraser Valley. All of the trees within some
clonal blocks had been suffering from some form of browse damage,
mostly to the leaders.
The damage is being caused by both white-tailed deer and white
x black-tail hybrid deer. The deer have taken up residence in
our newly planted plantations. Unlike the resident black-tail
deer population, which feeds mainly on the lateral branches, the
introduced white-tail and resulting hybrids feed mainly on terminal
buds and leaders.
The favoured poplar varieties have had their leaders damaged
for three consecutive growing seasons. To put the damage in perspective,
a loss of three growing seasons is equivalent to a 20% productivity
decrease. The consecutive years of damage are prolonging the time
required for the plantations to reach crown closure when further
brushing activities are no longer required.
The solutions investigated to reduce the browse damage were deer
population control, fencing, and individual tree shelters. Control
of the deer population through hunting was considered, but determined
to be unsuited for obvious reasons. Fencing was also considered,
but installation costs, continual maintenance, permanence and
liability issues made this option unsuited.
The only solution that seemed to be viable was individual tree
shelters because they were cost-effective, require minimal maintenance,
and can be easily removed once no longer needed. After reviewing
the various shelters available, the Freegro1 shelters
were chosen for further field testing.
Dan Carson with Freegro shelter
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The project basically involved using
a small number of these shelters to determine effectiveness
against browsing, ease of installation and general operational
issues. A total of 200 of the Freegro shelters were installed
in the summer of 2002. The 48 by 6 inch diameter fine and
ultra-fine mesh shelters were chosen for the project. The
shelters were installed in late June approximately five
weeks after planting and will be removed in late April of
2003.
The results of the informal trial have surpassed our expectations.
The seedling protectors virtually eliminated deer browse
damage. Most importantly they did not impede any of the
following stand tending activities: discing, rototilling
and in-row rototilling (with a weed badger). There was no
noticeable difference in stem diameter between the protected
and unprotected trees. Weed growth was suppressed inside
the shelter next to the tree.
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The shelters also encouraged single leaders, which greatly reduces
the need for singling and pruning. The most interesting and unexpected
result was the increased growth rates with the shelters. Through
informal measurements it is estimated that during late summer
the height increment was nearly 30 cm. per week.
The designer of the shelters has indicated that the increased
growth rate is due to decreased vapor pressures inside the mesh
tubes during the hottest part of the day. The Freegro shelters
are reusable and can be stored easily. Scott Paper has decided
to use them operationally on our intensive hybrid poplar plantations.
_________________
1For further information, contact Freegro Enterprises/Certified
Plant Shelters (www.freegro.com).
Top
- Chuck Kaiser, Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc., Boyle,
Alberta
Drought, insects, disease, poor markets, the loss of the family
farm - farmers face more challenges today than ever before. Alberta-Pacific
Forest Industries Inc.’s Poplar Farming Program offers farmers
a new option that helps them address these challenges by leasing
their land to grow trees.
Through the Poplar Farming Program, Alberta-Pacific is seeking
to lease 25,000 ha (60,000 acres) of land over the next 20 years,
at a rate of about 1,200 ha (3,000 acres) a year in order to plant
fast-growing poplar trees that will be ready to harvest in 15-25
years.
The program offers local landowners a stable source of income,
regardless of markets or weather conditions, and a means to maintain
land ownership without having to do the work required in traditional
agriculture to make it productive. Land must be within 200 kilometres
of the Alberta-Pacific mill site and must be privately owned and
have adequate soil, water and topographical conditions.
The program requires a minimum area of 160 acres within a one-mile
area. This means that neighbors with smaller packages of land
(as small as 30 acres) can team up to make it viable for Alberta-Pacific
to harvest and haul wood from their poplar farms. It is an attractive
option to many farmers considering retirement, or looking for
an income source that will not fluctuate depending on conditions
beyond their control.
In addition to a stable, diversified source of income, the poplar
farming program provides additional employment and economic development
opportunities. The trees need maintenance such as weed control
for the first five years (until they outgrow grasses and other
competition), so maintenance contracts are available for landowners
or other community members who have the necessary equipment and
would like to add to their income.
A report by an independent third party demonstrated that the
program will result in an investment into local economies of $4.6
million per year for the first 20 years. When harvesting begins,
this investment by Alberta-Pacific increases to $12.7 million
per year.
The Net Present Values generated by crop scenarios demonstrate
that the economic returns to farmers are equal to, or greater
than, traditional agricultural crops.
- Traditional agriculture rotations of oilseeds, cereal crops
and forage - $162/acre
- Leasing returns with no maintenance contract - $187/acre
- Leasing returns with maintenance contract - $192/acre
The poplar farms have also been shown to improve soil, air and
water quality.
The program is not expected to result in increased lease prices
as the total program of 60,000 acres represents less than one
per cent of the farmable acres within the 125,000 km2 operating
range of the program. It would not be economical for Alberta-Pacific
to pay higher-than-average prices for leases, and we do not want
to drive up local land prices to make it uneconomical for others
to lease land to farm.
Operational Poplar Farms and Research
Poplar farms currently cover about 950 ha (1,900 acres) of private
land around the Alberta-Pacific mill site. The poplars grow at
a minimum rate of about 12 cubic metres per year, about six times
as fast as trees in the forest. The trees used in the poplar farming
program are hybrid poplar and were developed through the Prairie
Farm Rehabilitation Administration. These types of trees have
been used for decades in shelterbelt programs across the prairies.
Alberta-Pacific has an extensive Poplar Farm Research program,
designed to find and develop the fastest-growing, best- adapted,
highest-quality trees and combine them with the best silvicultural
practices for use in the Poplar Farming Program. This research
program currently has more than 3,000 different hybrid poplar
and aspen trees under testing. All trees are rigorously tested
before they are recommended for operational use. They are selected
for their winter hardiness in Northern Alberta’s climate, their
growth rates, their wood quality characteristics, and disease
and insect resistance (see next article for complete update on
the poplar research program).
The Poplar Farming Program provides a viable, economically sound
diversification option for farmers within 200 km of the Alberta-Pacific
mill site. If you, or someone you know, is interested in learning
more about the Poplar Farming Program, contact Allan Robertson
at 525-8357 or Chuck Kaiser at 525-8027.
Top
- Dr. Barb Thomas, Boyle, Alberta
The poplar farm research team has had another busy year at Alberta-Pacific
Forest Industries Inc.. Our first hybrid aspen trial with our
own breeding stock was installed with a total of 68 controlled
cross families (including 36 hybrid and 32 native aspen). Breeding
has continued in 2003 with our native aspen (Populus tremuloides)
and exotic pollen sources (P. davidiana, P. tremula).
A total of 90 new families have been produced in conjunction
with the Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration (PFRA) and
are in various stages of greenhouse and nursery testing. This
year should complete our current breeding program in this area.
Species used for this program have included Populus balsamifera,
P. maximowiczii, P. x petroskyana, P. deltoides, and P.
nigra.
The new hybrid poplar research trials were focused more on the
silviculture than the genetics components. These trials included
an operational density trial using four of our commercial hybrid
poplar clones in three different spacing configurations to determine
what density of planting will produce the maximum volume yields.
A second trial installed was the last of 14 experiments conducted
in conjunction with Drs. Annie DesRochers and Bob van den Driessche,
addressing fertilizer nutrition during early establishment and
growth.
Seven new genetics and silviculture experimental trials are planned
for the year 2003 and include both hybrid poplar trials, a native
birch trial and another operational trial to determine optimal
fertilization in early-mid-rotation plantations.
New research projects underway include:
- determination of carbon fluxes in different aged hybrid poplar
plantations
- understanding disease resistance to Septoria canker
in hybrid poplars
- a 10-year evaluation of wood quality properties
- early selection drought screening for hybrid poplars and aspens
- understanding public perceptions to planting hybrid poplars
An additional priority is the recruitment of a growth and yield
specialist through the NSERC Industrial Fellowship program.
Team members of the research program include Dave Kamelchuk,
Line Blackburn, and Sue Crites. Jeremy Hayward has joined the
Poplar Farm Operations team. Dr. Annie DesRochers has taken a
faculty position at the University of Québec. For further
information on any of the projects listed above or other research
initiatives, please contact Barb Thomas at thomasba@alpac.ca.
Top
- Brigitte Bigué, Université Laval, Québec
(Québec)
Operating since November 2001, the Réseau ligniculture
Québec is an association of innovative research and development
that unites most of the dynamic forces in silviculture in Quebec.
It includes partners from various environments such as universities,
forest industries, provincial and federal governments and private
sector organizations. The Réseau is the result of a synergy
between stakeholders from different sectors who join forces and
abilities to reach a common objective, i.e. knowledge and development
of an expertise in intensive silviculture.
The mandate of the Réseau Ligniculture Québec is
to coordinate and support, in co-operation with its partners,
Quebecers in their R&D efforts and transfer of technology
in intensive silviculture. Five main scope areas of research are
targeted, i.e. genetic improvement and physiology of fast-growing
tree species, growth and production of forestry plantings, health
sustainability of forestry plantings, sustainability of fertilized
soils, and the development of deployment strategies and the implementation
of intensive silviculture areas and the analysis of their impacts
on the environment, society and economy.
The Initiative of the Réseau is in the wake of discussions
surrounding the future Policy of Forestry Management Intensification
of the ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec
and those relevant to the sustainability of forestry management
based on the TRIAD (or QUAD) method, whereas a portion of the
land can be managed with fast-growing tree species (about 4% of
the territory). For example, hybrid poplars and hybrid larches,
in Quebec, are fast-growing tree species that can produce on average
15 m3 per hectare annually compared to 2 m3
for native forest that are logged in a traditional way. Other
high yielding species such as the genetically enhanced white spruce
and the Norway spruce can also be contemplated in an intensive
silviculture scenario.
Réseau Ligniculture Québec offers a broad range
of activities. It initiates intensive silviculture research projects
that are developed in partnership and that meet the needs of the
community while recruiting the best scientific and technical expertise.
Furthermore, various dissemination activities are organized such
as conferences, annual meetings, seminars, forums and regional
workshops. There are also technology transfer activities that
are produced through literature review, technical notes, newspaper
articles, popularization of science, public communications and
articles that are published in learned journals. Finally, the
Réseau aims to implement an important network of experimental
means in forestry planting across many regions of Quebec.
Several partners join the ranks in order to develop, in cooperation,
the activities of the Réseau. Those partners consist of
universities (Université Laval, Université du Québec
à Montréal, Université du Québec en
Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Université de Montréal,
Université de Sherbrooke, McGill University), six industrial
partners (Abitibi-Consolidated, Chaire industrielle CRSNG-UQAT-UQAM,
Domtar, Louisiana-Pacific, Norampac, Smurfit-Stone), governments
(Ministère des Ressources naturelles du Québec,
Canadian Forestry Service) and partners from the private sector
(FERIC, Forintek, RESAM).
Any stakeholder who is interested closely or remotely in forestry
planting of fast-growing tree species can be involved in the activities
of the Réseau Ligniculture Québec. In order to take
advantage of the resources that are offered by the Réseau
pursuant to research activities or technology transfer or for
any other information, please contact us or visit the web site
of the Réseau at www.unites.uqam.ca/rlq.
Top
- Jim Richardson, Technical Director, Poplar Council of Canada
[The Technical Director recently spent two months in New Zealand.
While the object of the visit was partly personal and partly related
to his bioenergy interests, a short illustrated report on forestry
in New Zealand in general was thought to be of interest to readers
of the Poplar Council Newsletter.]
New Zealand, or to use its Maori name Aotearoa - ‘Land of the
long white cloud’ - is a small but very beautiful country of diverse
landscapes and fascinating flora and fauna. Together, the North
and South Islands, which are roughly equal in size, occupy an
area less than half that of Manitoba. The small human population,
which just passed the 4 million mark earlier this year, is often
compared ironically with its 30 million population of sheep, but
the population density is still 4 times that of Canada. More than
half of the population lives in the 3 largest cities - Auckland
(the ‘big city of the South Pacific’), Wellington (the capital)
and Christchurch - so the rural areas are quite sparsely populated.
Most of the population is of British descent and British culture
is much in evidence. The most popular sports are rugby and cricket,
and, curiously, netball for women. Maori people make up 14% of
the population and trace their arrival in Aotearoa back to a series
of South Pacific migrations probably around 1000 A.D.
The situation of New Zealand as an isolated land mass surrounded
by thousands of kilometres of ocean and the fact that it was without
human settlement until as recently as about 1000 years ago means
that its animal life and vegetation evolved free from the kind
of pressures that existed elsewhere. Since there were no large
animal predators, many species of flightless birds evolved which
suffered severely following human contact and the animals that
came with the humans - dogs, cats, rats, etc. These birds made
good eating, and hunting was just too easy. The giant moa, one
of New Zealand’s best-known birds, was hunted into extinction
by the late 17th century. The kiwi, the national emblem,
also flightless and nocturnal, is threatened and rarely encountered
in the wild.
The most common animals now, apart from domestic cattle and sheep,
are all introduced and many are considered serious pests - rabbits
and possums particularly. The latter were introduced from Australia
and now number some 70 million, eating about 7 million tonnes
of vegetation a year, particularly sensitive native species. There
are now organized possum hunts to try to reduce the populations
and good use has been found for possum fur, which when mixed with
wool can be made into unusually soft and comfortable socks, gloves
and hats.
>30,000-year-old ‘ancient kauri’ log
extracted from peatland and used to form an unusual spiral
staircase - Northland, North Island.
Relict large kauri tree, possibly 2000
years old - Coromandel Peninsula, North Island. Note ‘native
bush’ in background.
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The native vegetation is threatened by more than
voracious possums. Virtually all the old growth forest has
been logged or burned or replaced by pasture or arable land.
The term ‘native bush’ is more commonly used in New Zealand
than ‘old growth’ and is quite apt to describe what is often
a dense scrubby-looking mass of non-descript trees. Tree
ferns are a common feature of the native forest, with stems
5-7 m tall topped by large fronds. Most of the native tree
species are evergreen and are unrelated to northern hemisphere
species. They generally do not have conspicuous flowers,
with the significant exception of the "pohutakawa"
tree, (Metrosideros excelsa), also known as the New
Zealand Christmas tree not so much for its foliage or shape
but because it produces masses of brilliant red spiky flowers
around Christmas time, |
which is of course mid-summer in New Zealand. The once legendary
kauri or white pine are now reduced to a few isolated trees or
very small stands, but these are truly impressive specimens, up
to 2000 years old and 5 m in diameter. Equally, or even more impressive
are the ‘ancient kauri’ which have been dug out of peatland in
some parts of the northern tip of the North Island and are transformed
into furniture and other woodcraft items. These are 30-50,000
years old and are not fossilized but still wood. The furniture
made from ancient kauri logs commands prices up to $35,000 a piece!
New Zealand has other species of very large, good timber trees
- rimu, totara, rata - but these are less well known outside the
country.
Essentially all of the native forest has now been preserved from
further harvesting and there are a number of schemes for replanting
native species, particularly kauri. Forestry in New Zealand is
now essentially based on plantations of exotic tree species, of
which by far the most common is radiata pine (Pinus radiata).
New Zealand has a strong and active green movement and environmentalists
there reached an interesting agreement with the forest industry
whereby the native forest has been protected from further logging
in return for the industry having virtually a free hand with management
of plantations. Radiata pine is managed very intensively on 12-15
year rotations. Pruning and aerial fertilization are routine and
clearcutting at the end of the rotation can be shockingly dramatic
by contemporary North American standards. Many plantations are
on steep slopes where cable-logging is normal practice, but roadside
leave-strips, wildlife trees and concern for landscape aesthetics
seem to be unknown in these plantation situations. Harvested sites
are promptly replanted with the products of intensive breeding
programs, but radiata pine is still not a very pretty tree, tending
to heavy branches and somewhat crooked stems, made all the more
obvious by pruning to 4 or 5 m in younger stands. The pruning
is designed to improve the quality of the timber at rotation age
and research is ongoing to develop higher value timber products.
Radiata pine plantations are far from the only exotic vegetation
to be encountered in New Zealand. In fact, much of the most striking
vegetation in the landscape came from somewhere else. The second
most-planted tree species in plantations is Douglas-fir. Pasture,
of course, is everywhere, except on the steepest slopes and in
national parks (of which three are World Heritage areas). Subtropical
plants with brilliantly-coloured flowers, such as bougainvillea,
camellia and others, abound in parks and gardens. Grape vines
and orchards of apples, citrus and kiwifruit, are important components
of the agriculture sector. (New Zealand wines are excellent, especially
the sauvignon blancs and chardonnays; try them if you get a chance.)
At certain times of the year, multi-coloured lupins provide a
magnificent display growing ‘wild’ along roadsides. Elsewhere,
oceans of waist-high purple heather or green bracken blanket hillsides.
The strangely geometrically-rigid pyramidal forms of Norfolk Island
pine trees are common sights in towns and villages. All of these
are exotics to New Zealand, yet they are the features of the landscape
that often register most clearly in the memory but are never found
in books purporting to describe the trees or vegetation of New
Zealand. Some of the most attractive exotics now growing wild
are paradoxically the targets of campaigns to uproot and eliminate
them.
Poplars and willows are also exotic tree species in New Zealand.
Lombardy poplars have been widely planted and lines of their characteristic
tall narrow crowns are a common feature of the agricultural landscape
in which they have been planted for shelter and amenity. Poplar
breeding has been ongoing for a number of years, with an emphasis
on hybrids involving Populus deltoides and much interest
in the possibilities of new material of species from China. Much
of the planting has been aimed at environmental protection and
remediation - streamside protection and erosion control on steep
hillsides. As in many other parts of the world, rust diseases
are a major problem on poplars in New Zealand. Sadly, poplar research
has very low priority with the government and the one remaining
active poplar scientist, Lindsay Fung, who is a member of the
Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission, is
fighting to obtain funds to ensure the continuation of his research
program.
Returning to Ottawa in late May
after nearly two months in New Zealand, we were struck by
the difference in the seasons. By then it was almost winter
in New Zealand and the introduced northern hemisphere deciduous
tree species had changed colour. However, snow and frost
are unusual at any time of the year except at higher altitudes
and in the far south. Temperatures in eastern Ontario on
our return were about the same as we had been encountering
in New Zealand. The big difference was in the daylength.
When we left New Zealand the sun was lower in the sky, setting
at 5 P.M. with complete darkness by 6, whereas in the late
spring of Ottawa it was light until after 9 P.M.. New Zealand
is indeed a land of paradox.
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Fall colours at Eastwoodhill Arboretum,
near Gisborne, North Island - reputed to be one of the
largest and oldest collections of northern hemisphere
tree species in the southern hemisphere.
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Poplar Council of Canada - Annual Meeting 2003
The PCC Annual Meeting will be held in Rouyn-Noranda,
Québec, September 16 -19, 2003. The meeting will be jointly
organized by UQAT (University of Quebec in Abitibi- Temiscamingue),
RLQ (Réseau Ligniculture Québec) and CTRI (Centre
de Transfert des Résidus Industriels).
XXI World Forestry Congress
The XXI World Forestry Congress, "Forests,
Source of Life", will be held in Québec City, Québec,
September 21 - 28, 2003. For more information on the congress,
see www.wfc2003.org. for
details.
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Last edit:
2006-12-21
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